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The Doomsday Clock pictured at a setting of '100 seconds to midnight'The Doomsday Clock is a symbol that represents the likelihood of a man-made. Maintained since 1947 by the members of the, the Clock is a metaphor for threats to humanity from unchecked scientific and technical advances.

The Clock represents the hypothetical global catastrophe as 'midnight' and the Bulletin 's opinion on how close the world is to a global catastrophe as a number of 'minutes' to midnight, assessed in January of each year. The main factors influencing the Clock are and (climate change). The Bulletin 's Science and Security Board also monitors new developments in the life sciences and technology that could inflict irrevocable harm to humanity.The Clock's original setting in 1947 was seven minutes to midnight. It has been set backward and forward 24 times since then, the largest-ever number of minutes to midnight being 17 (in 1991), and the smallest 100 seconds (1 minute and 40 seconds) in January 2020.The clock was set at two minutes to midnight in January 2018, and left unchanged in 2019 due to the twin threats of and the increasing. On 23 January 2020, it was moved forward to 100 seconds (1 minute 40 seconds) before midnight, based on the increased threats to global stability posed by 'a nuclear blunder', exacerbated by the rate of climate change. Cover of the 1947 Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists issue, featuring the Doomsday Clock at 'seven minutes to midnight'The Doomsday Clock's origin can be traced to the international group of researchers called the Chicago Atomic Scientists, who had participated in the.

After the, they began publishing a newsletter and then the magazine, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, which, since its inception, has depicted the Clock on every cover. The Clock was first represented in 1947, when the Bulletin co-founder Hyman Goldsmith asked artist (wife of research associate and signatory ) to design a cover for the magazine's June 1947 issue. As, another co-founder of the Bulletin, explained later,The Bulletin's Clock is not a gauge to register the ups and downs of the international power struggle; it is intended to reflect basic changes in the level of continuous danger in which mankind lives in the nuclear age.Langsdorf chose a clock to reflect the urgency of the problem: like a countdown, the Clock suggests that destruction will naturally occur unless someone takes action to stop it.In January 2007, designer, who was on the Bulletin 's Governing Board, redesigned the Clock to give it a more modern feel. In 2009, the Bulletin ceased its print edition and became one of the first print publications in the U.S. To become entirely digital; the Clock is now found as part of the logo on the Bulletin's website. Information about the Doomsday Clock Symposium, a timeline of the Clock's settings, and multimedia shows about the Clock's history and culture can also be found on the Bulletin 's website.The 5th Doomsday Clock Symposium was held on November 14, 2013, in Washington, D.C.; it was a day-long event that was open to the public and featured panelists discussing various issues on the topic 'Communicating Catastrophe'. There was also an evening event at the in conjunction with the Hirshhorn's current exhibit, 'Damage Control: Art and Destruction Since 1950'.

The panel discussions, held at the, were streamed live from the Bulletin 's website and can still be viewed there. Reflecting international events dangerous to humankind, the Clock has been adjusted 22 times since its inception in 1947, when it was set to 'seven minutes to midnight'.Basis for settings 'Midnight' has a deeper meaning to it besides the constant threat of war. There are various things taken into consideration when the scientists from The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists decide what Midnight and 'global catastrophe' really mean in a particular year. They might include 'politics, energy, weapons, diplomacy, and climate science'; potential sources of threat include nuclear threats, climate change,. Members of the board judge Midnight by discussing how close they think humanity is to the end of civilization. In 1947, during the, the Clock was started at seven minutes to midnight. The Clock's setting is decided without a specified starting time.

The Clock is not set and reset in real time as events occur; rather than respond to each and every crisis as it happens, the Science and Security Board meets twice annually to discuss global events in a deliberative manner. The closest nuclear war threat, the in 1962, reached crisis, climax, and resolution before the Clock could be set to reflect that possible doomsday. Fluctuations and threats Before January 2020, the two tied-for-lowest points for the Doomsday Clock were in 1953, when the Clock was set to two minutes until midnight after the U.S. And the Soviet Union began testing hydrogen bombs, and in 2018, following the failure of world leaders to address tensions relating to nuclear weapons and climate change issues. In other years, the Clock's time has fluctuated from 17 minutes in 1991 to ​ 2 1⁄ 2 minutes in 2017.

Discussing the change to ​ 2 1⁄ 2 minutes in 2017, the first use of a fraction in the Clock's history, Krauss, one of the scientists from the Bulletin, warned that our political leaders must make decisions based on facts, and those facts 'must be taken into account if the future of humanity is to be preserved.' In an announcement from the Bulletin about the status of the Clock, they went as far to call for action from 'wise' public officials and 'wise' citizens to make an attempt to steer human life away from catastrophe while we still can.On 24 January 2018, scientists moved the clock to two minutes to midnight, based on threats greatest in the nuclear realm. The scientists said, of recent moves by under and the administration of in the US:'Hyperbolic rhetoric and provocative actions by both sides have increased the possibility of nuclear war by accident or miscalculation'.The clock was left unchanged in 2019 due to the twin threats of nuclear weapons and climate change, and the problem of those threats being 'exacerbated this past year by the increased use of information warfare to undermine democracy around the world, amplifying risk from these and other threats and putting the future of civilization in extraordinary danger.' On 23 January 2020, the Clock was moved further, to 100 seconds (1 minute 40 seconds) before midnight, meaning that the Clock's status today is the closest to midnight since the Clock's start in 1947. The Bulletin ' executive chairman, said 'the dangerous rivalry and hostility among the superpowers increases the likelihood of nuclear blunder.

Climate change just compounds the crisis'. Reception The Doomsday Clock has become a universally recognized metaphor.

According to the Bulletin, the Clock attracts more daily visitors to the Bulletin's site than any other feature.of the has stated that the 'grab bag of threats' currently mixed together by the Clock can induce paralysis. People may be more likely to succeed at smaller, incremental challenges; for example, taking steps to prevent the accidental detonation of nuclear weapons was a small but significant step in avoiding nuclear war. The culling movie. Alex Barasch in argues that 'Putting humanity on a permanent, blanket high-alert isn't helpful when it comes to policy or science', and criticizes the Bulletin for neither explaining nor attempting to quantify their methodology.Cognitive psychologist harshly criticized the Doomsday Clock as a political stunt, pointing to the words of its founder that its purpose was 'to preserve civilization by scaring meninto rationality.'

He stated that it is inconsistent and not based on any indicators of security, using as an example its being farther from midnight in 1962 during the than in the 'far calmer 2007'. He argued it was another example of humanity's tendency toward historical pessimism, and compared it to other predictions of self-destruction that went unfulfilled.Conservative media often clash against the Bulletin. Keith Payne writes in the that the Clock overestimates the effects of 'developments in the areas of nuclear testing and formal arms control'. Tristin Hopper in the acknowledges that 'there are plenty of things to worry about regarding climate change', but states that climate change isn't in the same league as total nuclear destruction. In addition, some critics accuse the Bulletin of pushing a political agenda. Timeline.

Doomsday Clock graph, 1947–2020. The lower points on the graph represent a higher probability of technologically or environmentally-induced catastrophe, and the higher points represent a lower probability.

Timeline of the Doomsday Clock YearMinutes to midnightChange (minutes)Reason19477—The initial setting of the Doomsday Clock.19493−4The Soviet Union tests its first atomic bomb, the, officially starting the.19532−1The United States its first in November 1952 as part of, before the Soviet Union follows suit in August. This remained the clock's closest approach to midnight (tied in 2018) until 2020.19607+5In response to a perception of increased scientific cooperation and public understanding of the dangers of nuclear weapons (as well as political actions taken to avoid '), the United States and Soviet Union cooperate and avoid direct confrontation in regional conflicts such as the 1956. Scientists from various countries help establish the, a series of coordinated, worldwide scientific observations between nations allied with both the United States and the Soviet Union, and the, which allow Soviet and American scientists to interact.196312+5The United States and the Soviet Union sign the, limiting atmospheric nuclear testing.19687−5The in the intensifies, the takes place, and the occurs in 1967. France and China, two nations which have not signed the Partial Test Ban Treaty, acquire and test nuclear weapons (the 1960 and the 1964, respectively) to assert themselves as global players in the nuclear arms race.196910+3Every nation in the world, with the notable exceptions of India, Israel, and Pakistan, signs the.197212+2The United States and the Soviet Union sign the (SALT I) and the.19749−3India tests a nuclear device , and talks stall. Both the United States and the Soviet Union modernize (MIRVs).19807−2Unforeseeable end to deadlock in American–Soviet talks as the begins. As a result of the war, the refuses to ratify the SALT II agreement.19814−3The Clock is adjusted in early 1981.

The Soviet war in Afghanistan toughens the U.S. ' nuclear posture.

From the in Moscow. The Carter administration considers ways in which the United States could win a nuclear war., scraps further arms reduction talks with the Soviet Union, and argues that the only way to end the is to win it. Tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union contribute to the danger of the nuclear annihilation.19843−1Further escalation of the tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union, with the ongoing Soviet–Afghan War intensifying the Cold War. And are deployed in Western Europe.

Ronald Reagan pushes to win the Cold War by intensifying the arms race between the superpowers. The Soviet Union and its allies (except Romania) the in Los Angeles, as a response to the U.S-led boycott in 1980.19886+3In December 1987, the Clock is moved back three minutes as the United States and the Soviet Union sign the, to eliminate intermediate-range nuclear missiles, and their relations improve.199010+4The and the, along with the, mean that the Cold War is nearing its end.199117+7The United States and Soviet Union sign the (START I), and the on December 26. This is the farthest from midnight the Clock has been since its inception.199514−3Global military spending continues at Cold War levels amid concerns about post-Soviet nuclear proliferation of weapons and brainpower.19989−5Both India and Pakistan test nuclear weapons in a tit-for-tat show of aggression; the United States and Russia run into difficulties in further reducing stockpiles.20027−2Little progress on global nuclear disarmament. United States rejects a series of arms control treaties and announces its intentions to withdraw from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, amid concerns about the possibility of a nuclear terrorist attack due to the amount of weapon-grade nuclear materials that are unsecured and unaccounted for worldwide.20075−2North Korea, Iran's, a renewed American emphasis on the military utility of nuclear weapons, the failure to adequately secure nuclear materials, and the continued presence of some 26,000 nuclear weapons in the United States and Russia. After assessing the dangers posed to civilization, was added to the prospect of nuclear annihilation as the greatest threats to humankind.20106+1Worldwide cooperation to reduce nuclear arsenals and limit effect of climate change.

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By: New Delhi Updated: October 17, 2019 6:51:58 pm Karwa Chauth 2019 Moon Rise Time Today: The moonrise will happen at 8.16 pm today, following which, women will be able to break their fast. (Source: Getty/Thinkstock)Karwa Chauth 2019 Moonrise Time Today: The festival of holds a lot of significance in the lives of married Hindu women. Moonrise time tonight march 9th.

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Judah, Hettie (July 10, 2017). The Guardian. Retrieved July 26, 2017.External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to.Wikiquote has quotations related to:.